MAGNETO CHEMISTRY Magnetic Moment of Coordination Compounds | Orbital Contribution | IN HINDI

MAGNETO-CHEMISTRY Magnetic Moment of Coordination Compounds | Orbital Contribution | IN HINDI

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Magnetochemistry is the study of the magnetic properties of materials. By "magnetic properties" we mean not only whether a material will make a good bar magnet, but whether it will be attracted or repelled by a magnet. This includes synthesis, analysis and understanding. This short description is meant to give a basic understanding before you delve into a more complex treatment.
Magnetism arises from moving charges, such as an electric current in a coil of wire. In a material which does not have a current present, there are still magnetic interactions. Atoms are made of charged particles (protons and electrons) which are moving constantly. The processes which create magnetic fields in an atom are

Nuclear spin. Some nuclei, such as a hydrogen atom, have a net spin which creates a magnetic field.
Electron spin. An electron has two intrinsic spin states (similar to a top spinning) which we call up and down or alpha and beta.
Electron orbital motion. There is a magnetic field due to the electron moving around the nucleus.
Each of these magnetic fields interact with one another and with external magnetic fields. However, some of these interactions are strong and others are negligible.
Measurement of interactions with nuclear spins are used to analyze compounds in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. In most other situations, interaction with nuclear spins is a very minor effect.

Interactions between the intrinsic spin of one electron and the intrinsic spin of another electron are strongest for very heavy elements such as the actinides. This is called spin-spin coupling. For these elements this coupling can shift the electron orbital energy levels.

The interaction between an electron's intrinsic spin and it's orbital motion is called spin-orbit coupling. Spin-orbit coupling has a significant effect on the energy levels of the orbitals in many inorganic compounds.

Macroscopic effects, such as the attraction of a piece of iron to a bar magnet are primarily due to the number of unpaired electrons in the compound and their arrangement. The various possible cases are called magnetic states of matter.

Magnetic States of Matter
Diamagnetic - A diamagnetic compound has all of it's electron spins paired giving a net spin of zero. Diamagnetic compounds are weakly repelled by a magnet.
Paramagnet - A paramagnetic compound will have some electrons with unpaired spins. Paramagnetic compounds are attracted by a magnet.

Ferromagnet - In a ferromagnetic substance there are unpaired electron spins, which are held in alignment by a process known as ferromagnetic coupling. Ferromagnetic compounds, such as iron, are strongly attracted to magnets.

Ferrimagnet - Ferrimagnetic compounds have unpaired electron spins, which are held in an pattern with some up and some down. This is known as ferrimagnetic coupling. In a ferrimagnetic compound, there are more spins held in one direction, so the compound is attracted to a magnet.

Antiferromagnetic - When unpaired electrons are held in an alignment with an equal number of spins in each direction, the substance is strongly repelled by a magnet. This is referred to as an antiferromagnet.

Superconductor - Superconductors are repelled by magnetic fields because the magnetic field is excluded from passing through them. This property of superconductors, called the Meissner effect, is used to test for the presence of a superconducting state. The underlying theory of how superconductivity arises is still a matter of much research and debate at the time of this writing. It does appear that the mechanism behind the magnetic properties of superconductors is significantly different from the other classes of compounds discussed here. For these reasons, superconductors will not be discussed further here.

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